Macadamia Nut Poisoning in Dogs Essay Example

Macadamia Nut Poisoning in Dogs Essay Example Macadamia Nut Poisoning in Dogs Paper Macadamia Nut Poisoning in Dogs Paper Macadamia Nut harming in dogs| Roger Meadows| VET 123 Mrs. Owens | Macadamia nuts originate from the Macadamia tree developed in the United States, for the most part found in Hawaii. They are famous fixings found in treats and confections or on a table during a gathering. Consistently, calls are made to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center about pooches eating various measures of macadamia nuts. The discoveries from these genuinely uncommon calls have near similar results and are surprisingly predictable (Macadamia nut toxicosis in hounds, 2002). Macadamia nut toxicosis can last as long as 48 hours and have side effects that are truly awkward, however it is probably not going to be lethal in hounds. Mutts that have ingested macadamia nuts may seem to be in torment, have shortcoming in the back legs, may secure a poor quality fever and tremors may begin. This should all show signs of improvement over a 48 hour time span, however hounds encountering more than mellow manifestations should see a veterinarian, and care may incorporate intravenous liquid treatment and torment control (ASPCA, n. d. ). 48 calls about canines eating macadamia nuts came into the ASPCA APPC between 1987 to 2001. Shortcoming, discouragement, spewing, ataxia, tremors, and hyperthermia are the clinical signs that were generally announced. In 94% of the cases in which pooches had devoured macadamia nuts from the times of 1998 to 2001, reports appear in any event one of these signs. Wide scopes of dose were accounted for over the timespan. In view of ASPCA APCC information, shortcoming was accounted for after canines ingested as meager as 2. 4 to as much as 62. 4 g/kg. Retching was accounted for to happen after the ingestion of 7 to 62. 4 g/kg. The mean measure of macadamia nuts ingested was evaluated to be 11. 7 g/kg (extend 2. 2 to 62. 4 g/kg). The detailed time from ingestion of nuts to improvement of clinical signs was under 12 hours in 79% of the cases. These clinical indications of toxicosis were imitated in the research facility subsequent to directing 20 g/kg (around 2 tsp. /lb. ) of economically arranged cooked macadamia nuts to four solid pooches by means of a stomach tube. (Macadamia nut toxicosis in hounds, 2002) The pooches created checked shortcoming with the powerlessness to remain on their back legs by 12 hours in the wake of dosing. Broad blood tests were performed, yet just serum lipase exercises were raised. All pooches seemed typical inside 48 hours. Tremors were not noted in the perimentally uncovered pooches. The reports of tremors in the field cases were most likely identified with muscle shortcoming (Macadamia nut toxicosis in hounds, 2002). â€Å"In a hunt of the human clinical writing uncovered reports of anaphylactic responses to macadamia nuts like other nut IgE-interceded hypersensitivities† (Macadamia nut toxicosis in hounds, 2002). In this clinical gathered works, no side effects like what occurs in hounds are found in human reports. There has been found in the macadamia nut portion a protein that uncovers antimicrobial, however the significance of this examination is obscure. Why pooches give indications of toxicosis when they eat macadamia nuts it not so much know. Why pooches are becoming ill might be explicit to the canine or include the elements of the nuts themselves. Poisons from handling, mycotoxins or other unidentified causes may likewise be to blame (Macadamia nut toxicosis in hounds, 2002). Macadamia nut toxicosis depends on a background marked by known presentation and predictable clinical finishes paperwork for a finding. Macadamia nut distinguishing proof in regurgitation or stool, void compartments that have been bitten up, or if the canine was seen eating the nuts are all piece of the historical backdrop of presentation. Chocolate-secured macadamia nuts additionally may bring about methyl xanthine toxicosis and ought to be dealt with as needs be whenever suspected to have been eaten. On the off chance that a pooch gives indications of back leg shortcoming and no sensory system contribution or musculoskeletal torment or and indications of wounds then macadamia nut harming ought to be thought of (Macadamia nut toxicosis in hounds, 2002). Make your pooch upchuck as quickly as time permits and afterward call your vet promptly in the event that you think your canine has eaten macadamia nuts with in the most recent hour. By having your canine regurgitation you can lessen the measure of nuts processed by the pooch, so on the off chance that you were unable to get your pooch to upchuck, at that point the veterinarian will do it for you. Actuated charcoal covers the coating of the stomach related framework and that will diminish the measure of nuts processed so your veterinarian may give this moreover. Until the poison drops of your dog’s framework he will be treated as each new manifestation shows up. Hyperthermia is treated by cooling the body’s center temperature. Cool wet towels can be utilized to cover the body and even intravenous liquids will work. Never utilize an ice shower, since this could make the issue deteriorate. On the off chance that the dog’s internal heat level has been essentially raised for a significant stretch of time, the dog’s thickening components can be seriously undermined. For this situation, the pooch would require conceivable plasma transfusions and heparin therapy† (Macadamia Nut Poisoning in the Dog, 2011). Drugs can assist with halting the trembling if extreme muscle tremors start. A quick or hustling pulse can be treated with drug if need be. These drugs will be halted after the pooch starts to come back to ordinary (Macadamia Nut Poisoning in the Dog, 2011). As a rule, the canine can get back in around 48 hours as the signs are for the most part passed by at that point. The visualization for complete recuperation with no proof of inconveniences is excellent for most mutts with the regular signs. Pooches routinely come back to typical inside 24 to 48 hours as indicated by the ASPCA APCC’s experience, with just perception at home. Each case oversaw by the ASPCA APCC has brought about complete recuperation to date (Macadamia nut toxicosis in hounds, 2002). Macadamia nut ingestion in two pet canines; Case 1 â€Å"In December 2000, the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) got a call including a 1. 5-year old, emasculated, 14. 1-lb (6. 4-kg) bichon frise that apparently ingested 4 oz. f macadamia nuts (17. 7 g/kg) late in the day. The proprietor announced that seven and a half hours after ingestion, the pooch spewed an enormous amount of macadamia nuts and couldn't stand or stroll without help. The ASPCA APCC veterinarian prompted the proprietor, in view of the away from of macadamia nut introduction and the consistency of the clinical signs with known field and exploration cases, that recuperation without treatment was relied upon inside 12 to 36 hours. The pooch stayed at home under perception. When reached by telephone three days after presentation, the proprietor revealed that the dog’s clinical signs had died down. The proprietor didn't remember precisely when the pooch had come back to normal† (Macadamia nut toxicosis in hounds, 2002). Case 2 â€Å"In July 2001, the ASPCA APCC got a call including a 9-year-old, emasculated, 26. 8-lb (12. 2-kg) cocker spaniel that allegedly devoured 5. 3 oz. of macadamia nuts (12. 3 g/kg) one hour sooner. The pooch was accounted for to be modestly ataxic with muscle tremors and gentle dyspnea. For this situation, the going to veterinarian controlled a purification and gave relief from discomfort consolidated other suggestive and strong consideration before reaching the ASPCA APCC. No extra treatment techniques were suggested. Inside nine and a half hours, the clinical signs settled, and the canine completely recovered† (Macadamia nut toxicosis in hounds, 2002). Referemces Macadamia nut harming in the canine. (2011). Vet blog. Recovered on August12, 2011 from http://vetblog. co. uk/vetblog/macadamia-nut-harming in-the-hound Macadamia nut toxicosis in hounds. (2002). aspcapro. Recovered onAugust15, 2011 from www. aspcapro. organization/mydocuments/x-toxbrief_0402. pdf ASPCA. (n. d. ). Virtual pet behaviorist. Recovered on August 16, 2011 from aspcabehavior. organization/articles/71/Foods-That-Are-Hazardous-to-Dogs-. aspx

Strategic Thinking And Change Management The WritePass Journal

Vital Thinking And Change Management Dynamic Vital Thinking And Change Management ). Danger of substitutes With extreme rivalry in the Market, there is a potential danger of substitute items. Truth be told, as Netflix and Blockbuster fight it out, others are making progress in substitute contributions as observed with Video-on-request which has developed at twofold digit rates in the previous two years. Bartering intensity of providers Providers are probably going to have less buy power particularly given the obtaining of Movielink. On the off chance that this securing prompts increasingly online downloads, the organization will have little requirement for plastic cases and DVDs and in that capacity, the haggling intensity of providers is probably going to diminish (Janjua 2012). Force of serious competition The contention in the market is certainly high. As of now, Blockbuster has lost a large number of its clients to Netflix. The organization must rethink and actualize techniques that would influence back clients. How Blockbuster can realign itself to the requirements of the outer condition The corporate system would require the organization to profit by inventive developing advances to furnish it with vital forward leaps in the serious business condition, while not dismissing its in-store tasks (Fryman 2010). All things considered, a tick and block system would be increasingly reasonable for the organization. Blockbuster must realigns its business forms with IT and use it in support of them. In realigning their business forms with IT, the organization must access the vital arrangement model regarding reason, activities, venture initiative, foundation and objectives that will make a change in outlook (Carr 2010). The realignment procedure must empower the organization to grasp online open doors which Netflix and Redbox have just culminated. Realigning business process with IT (Kalakota 2011) While Blockbuster appears to have just implanted IT into their center plan of action as observed with the all out access program which upgrades online clients experience, this has not helped much as the organization has lost a large portion of its clients to online retailers, for example, Netflix and Lovefilm .The disappointment by the organization to rapidly adjust to the changing industry condition and buyer propensities is recommended to have been the primary issue. The organization took long to change its plan of action and when it did, the serious scene had been on a very basic level modified and the convention model crushed by the new stage model (Carr 2010). The organization needs to direct a monstrous showcasing effort which should concentrate on developing their online rental endorser base. The organization could likewise frame a collusion with wireless organizations and masterminding with these organizations to permit clients to stream films on their phone phones.â This would be an extraordinary thought thinking about that individuals have their mobile phones constantly. With bigger mobile phone screens, clients would have the option to stream films from anyplace remembering for the metros, transport stations and even at working environments. Review could be per membership or pay-per-see (Clark et al. 2013). Another key move is band together with aircraft organizations so as to execute a blue box program at air terminals, for example, the Redboxes at McDonalds (Jordan 2011). The blue box program would empower explorers to get a film at one air terminal and to return it to another air terminal or blockbuster store. Further, the organization should concentrate on reinforcing client relationship the board by executing a business system that keeps up applicable incentive over the entirety of its client groupings and presenting new client recommendation activities that would give them an edge over their rivals (Afuah 2009). Moreover, Blockbuster needs to actualize an ERP framework that will empower it to follow their inventories. The framework can be executed steadily starting with one district then onto the next. This will lessen the time and duplications that the organization right now has, in this way expanding productivity. At present, for clients to look at their motion pictures from various blockbusters, they are required to enroll with each store individually.â Given that the ERP framework incorporates information and takes into account sharing of data over numerous divisions, this may profit the organization through speedier handling of requests and quicker shipments. . While perceiving the need to realign business process with IT, the organization ought not to dismiss its in-store tasks. Clients of today have become savvier and are progressively assuming responsibility for their own shopping experience (Deloitte 2011). Retail locations should similarly develop to turn out to be a piece of the perplexing connection between the retailer and client by giving better approaches for encountering broadness and profundity of range (Deloitte 2011). In-store theater and a touch and feel understanding around the item thing ought to have the option to influence more buyers back to shopping in high boulevards. Arrangement of customized benefits and guided shopping experience ought to similarly urge more purchasers to return for rental administrations from the stores. Study of contemporary vital administration research and practice In any case, while vital reasoning and change the board has a more noteworthy task to carry out in reviving high road retail locations, such practices are not generally fruitful. For instance, while the ERP framework may expand the productivity and adequacy of the executives choices, disappointment of such frameworks may unfavorably affect on the association bringing about cost invades and gracefully chain issues (Morgan Smith 2002). Additionally, a system plan that positions a firm in a specialty may limit the firm’s viewpoint (Mintzberg et al., 1995). That is, such a procedure may neglect opportunity in the event that they are just focusing on a specific gathering of market. Another analysis is that vital arranging frameworks are structured as top-down arranging frameworks and as such key choices are just consigned to top administration (Morgan Smith 2002). This infers the arranging frameworks serve to satisfy just the objectives and interests of the top administration and not that of the association. Key administration depends on sane dynamic. But since more often than not we have fragmented data, completely discerning choices may not be conceivable and change procedure may bring about antagonistic impacts (Jofre 2011). Consequently while change the board might be expected at expanding the organizations versatility, structures created to advance reasonability may have inverse impact (Jofre 2011). In any case, plainly high road retailers need to realign their business procedures to fulfill needs of the changing industry condition. End There is no uncertainty that the previous not many years have considered a to be as significant high road chains, for example, Blockbusters, Jessops, JJB game, and Comet among numerous others go into organization. The breakdown of notable retailers into receivership is an away from of a declining fortune of Britains high avenues. Every one of these retailers which have gone into organization do share certain shared traits. They all will in general have a noteworthy number of stores and have all experienced issues adjusting to the changing industry condition and retail propensities. For these retailers to keep on flourishing in the business, they should reevaluate and realign themselves to the necessities of the outer condition. For instance, Blockbuster needs to realign its business forms with IT and use it in support of them. The organization ought to receive a tick and block system. That is, the organization must grasp online open doors without dismissing its in-store activities. The organization could likewise shape unions with mobile phone organizations to permit clients to stream motion pictures on their PDAs. The organization should band together with aircrafts and execute a blue box programs at the air terminals, for example, the Redboxes at McDonald. The organization may likewise execute ERP frameworks to expand their productivity and adequacy of the executives choices. Its retail locations should likewise advance and ought to have the option to give clients better approaches for encountering broadness and profundity. In-store theater and a touch and feel understanding around the item thing ought to have the option to influence more purchasers back to shopping in high lanes. Arrangement of customized benefits and guided shopping experience ought to similarly urge more purchasers to return for rental administrations from the stores. Reference Afuah, A., 2009. Vital development: new game procedures for upper hand. College of Michigan. NewYork: Routledge distributers Anon 2013. A methodology life-cycle: Blockbuster. [Viewed on 22nd May 2013] accessible from http://strategydynamics.com/data/blockbusters-strategy.aspx Anon, 2013. The passing of the high road or the introduction of another sort of retailer? [Viewed on nineteenth May 2013] accessible from enterprisenation.com/blog/the-demise of-the-high-road or-the-introduction of another sort of-retailer/ Janjua, A., 2012. Make it a blockbuster night. Blockbuster Carr, A., 2010. Blockbuster CEO, Jim Keyes, on rivalry from Apple, Netflix, Nintendo,â and Redbox. [Viewed on nineteenth May 2013] accessible from fastcompany.com/1656502/a meet with-blockbuster-president jim-keyes-part-ii Clark, M., McKelvey, L., Robinson, B., Sampson-Rasberry, S., 2013. Blockbuster investigation. [Viewed on twentieth May 2013] accessible from http://laurenmckelvey.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/blockbuster-investigation/ Deloitte, 2011. The changing essence of retail. The store of things to come: the new job of the store in a multichannel situation. Deloitte LLP. Ferrell, O.C. what's more, Hartline, M., 2007. Advertising technique. fourth version. Cengageâ Learning distributers Fryman, 2010. Changing plans of action: Are there anyâ businesses that effectively progressed from blocks and concrete to totally on the web? [Viewed on nineteenth May 2013] accessible from http://ask.metafilter.com/167587/Transitioning-plans of action Hawkes, S., 2011. Jane Norman is high road style casualty

How to Use MeisterTask Offline - Focus

How to Use MeisterTask Offline - Focus Yes, using MeisterTask offline is possible! With our beautiful and intuitive mobile apps for iOS and Android, you can work on your tasks even when you’re not connected to the internet. Read on to find out how it works. Using MeisterTask Offline with Mobile Apps MeisterTask offers native mobile apps for the iPhone, iPad, and Android devices. All of our mobile apps are free and can be downloaded from the App Store i.e. the Google Play Store. Once you’ve downloaded the right app for your device, you can login with your existing MeisterTask credentials (or create a new account in case you dont have one yet). The mobile app then loads all of your projects and tasks from your online account onto your device. Depending on how many projects are shared with you, this can take a few moments. As soon as MeisterTask has loaded all of your data, you can cut the internet connection for your device and start to manage tasks offline. The mobile apps offer all essential features needed to get work done you can create new projects and tasks, edit descriptions, add checklist items, leave comments, track time and more! All of your changes are stored locally until your device is able to connect to the internet again, at which point the app automatically syncs with your online account. This is when your collaborators are notified about the changes you’ve made and the comments you’ve added, and you, too, are able to receive notifications from your team members again. MeisterTask was created to facilitate real-time collaboration, which is why both its Mac and Windows apps are web-based (as is, of course, the browser version). But being able to use MeisterTask offline means that you can also be productive while you’re on the go with Airplane Mode on! and manage tasks in the remotest of locations. Download MeisterTask’s mobile apps now and take your projects offline! Download Mobile Apps How to Use MeisterTask Offline - Focus Yes, using MeisterTask offline is possible! With our beautiful and intuitive mobile apps for iOS and Android, you can work on your tasks even when you’re not connected to the internet. Read on to find out how it works. Using MeisterTask Offline with Mobile Apps MeisterTask offers native mobile apps for the iPhone, iPad, and Android devices. All of our mobile apps are free and can be downloaded from the App Store i.e. the Google Play Store. Once you’ve downloaded the right app for your device, you can login with your existing MeisterTask credentials (or create a new account in case you dont have one yet). The mobile app then loads all of your projects and tasks from your online account onto your device. Depending on how many projects are shared with you, this can take a few moments. As soon as MeisterTask has loaded all of your data, you can cut the internet connection for your device and start to manage tasks offline. The mobile apps offer all essential features needed to get work done you can create new projects and tasks, edit descriptions, add checklist items, leave comments, track time and more! All of your changes are stored locally until your device is able to connect to the internet again, at which point the app automatically syncs with your online account. This is when your collaborators are notified about the changes you’ve made and the comments you’ve added, and you, too, are able to receive notifications from your team members again. MeisterTask was created to facilitate real-time collaboration, which is why both its Mac and Windows apps are web-based (as is, of course, the browser version). But being able to use MeisterTask offline means that you can also be productive while you’re on the go with Airplane Mode on! and manage tasks in the remotest of locations. Download MeisterTask’s mobile apps now and take your projects offline! Download Mobile Apps

Reflection On Leadership Competency - 1453 Words

Introduction This reflection on my leadership development was key to understand the fundamentals of leadership development. Having already acknowledged that leadership development is a self-development on-going process, I now realize that it requires deliberate practice based on a serious self-assessment to become a better learner before to become a better leader (Smith, 2017). As learning how to learn can be challenging, the NCHL Leadership Competency Model seems to be the perfect method to teach me how to learn (NCHL, 2016). Thus, this assignment is my reflection about the leadership competencies developed during my practicum completed at Brockville General Hospital (BGH) in June 2017. The first artifact for my Capstone Leadership†¦show more content†¦Peeling the multiple layers of the problem, allowed me to identify the causal relationship and to evaluate the values and the risks for each key element of the process. Then, by weighting all factors, I was able to present simple and viab le solutions to improve the processes. The senior leadership team was able to make an informed decision based on risk mitigation and value-added to the processes presented in the risk-benefit assessment matrix. Presenting the result of my analytical thinking competency, created an immediate engagement from the senior leadership team to go ahead with one of the recommended options. Communication skills I presented a fifteen minutes PowerPoint presentation and drafted a case study report using the official BGH format. For the presentation, I respected the time allotted, stayed on the topic, and prepared to answer any questions throughout the presentation. The feedback received from my preceptor, and the BGH’s Supervisor was very positive. They acknowledged that I was well prepared, that I presented all the pertinent elements in a logical order, and that I engaged my audience throughout the presentation. 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Essay about Gun Control Will Not Reduce Crime - 1076 Words

Introduction The implementation of gun control in the United states is a large problem as it will take away the 2nd Amendment rights and would also stop the ability of law abiding citizens to protect themselves from criminals who obtain guns illegally. The right to bear arms is promised to citizens of the United States, and to put gun control into effect is to take away their Constitutional rights. Crime is very high in cities that have few gun control laws. However, the problem will not be solved by taking guns away from people who are registered and licensed to carry them. Americans have never responded well historically to prohibitions. For example, during prohibition of alcohol, many ways were found to obtain alcohol illegally, Gun†¦show more content†¦Another possible solution to gun control is to require all gun owners to have a license, and take a course on gun ownership with the police department. This would limit the problem of crime and gun related accidents. Rivkin explains how a majority of gun related accidents last year were from people who did not understand how to use a firearm, â€Å"according to the CDC, there were are about 19,000 gun related accidents last year, a majority of those were teenagers and adults who did not know how to properly use a gun.† (Rivkin, 2013). Requiring one to have a license and to take firearm handling classes would limit the amount of firearms on the streets as well as bring down the percentage of gun related accidents in the United States. With authority efforts to remove guns from those who obtaining them illegally, and the registration of weapons, along with required training to teach people how to store and use guns safely the need for gun control would no longer exist. It is already easy to obtain a gun illegally, and gun control could result in similar methods of obtaining weapons illegally. If gun control were implemented the illegal gun trade that is already easily available to people would increase. While law enforcement would be eliminating one problem, it would create another if gun control is is put in place. In his article How Criminals Get Guns David Noyes talks about how guns are already being soldShow MoreRelatedGun Control Will Not Reduce Crime Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesIn Just Take Away Their Guns, author James Q. Wilson argues that Legal restraints on the lawful purchase of guns will have little effect on the illegal use of guns (Wilson 63). Wilson points out that it would be tough to remove all legally purchased guns from the streets and nearly impossible to confiscate illegally purchased guns. Gun advocate J. Warren Cassidy argues that The American people have a right to keep and bear arms. 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Institutions Free Essays

2489 5491 2489 5491 How does your text communicate information and ideas about institutions and individual experience? Institutions consist of protest, compliance and enforcement. Sometimes institutions harm the individual and sometimes they affect the individual in a positive way. The two texts, Shawshank Redemption (film) and Scales of Justice (television drama), both demonstrate this well, through various techniques such as narrating throughout the films. We will write a custom essay sample on Institutions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both texts are about institutions in the criminal justice system. The text, Shawshank Redemption, portrays institutions as having a negative impact on the individual. In particular, it focuses on the strict elements of institutional life within prisons. These include set routines and structures that must be followed by the inmates. Schedules are enforced. A bell rings, doors open, prisoners step out and line up for morning head count. Enforcement and compliance are essential in the institution. Throughout the film one of the main characters ‘Red† is narrating, this communicates a different perspective of the effect institutions have on individuals. He expresses this when he says, â€Å"I’m telling you,  these walls are funny. First you hate them. Then you get used to them. Enough time passes, it gets so you depend on them. That’s institutionalised. † This quote shows a negative impact institutions can have on an individual, instead of wanting to be back in society they become dependent on set routines. The film also communicates the idea that once an individual has been institutionalised for a certain period of time, it becomes almost impossible for them to adapt back into society when they are released from prison. One way this is communicated is by the inmate Brooks’ protest against leaving Shawshank. Brooks has been in Shawshank for an extended amount of time, prison life and routine is now all he seems to know. It becomes obvious to the audience that even he feels he will not be able to adapt back into society. So terrified of leaving prison, he threatens to stab a fellow inmate so that his sentence will be extended, allowing him to stay in Shawshank. This results in Brooks taking his own life when he is finally released, emphasising the earlier reflection made by Red that some individuals can no longer survive without the institutional way of life. Scales of Justice (Act 1) is about a young and eager probationary constable (Webber) who is graduating from the police academy and has started to work for a police station. The audience sees that he is quiet young and naive through techniques like him twirling his gun around his finger like a young boy would with a toy gun. However as the text progresses we are see that Webber goes through stages of being ecstatic about his new job and not being able to wait to help society as they are â€Å" a walking conscience†, and loving the â€Å"perks† of the job, for example getting discounts on things like food and a car. The audience begins to find that the police station is one that is quite corrupt. As Webber beings to realise this, we see that the institution is having a negative effect on him by killing his dreams of being a walking conscience of society. At first this just makes him a little uncomfortable, but when it comes to actually seeing the corruption first hand (finding the fur coat in his locker) it brings things into perspective for him. 2489 5491 2489 5491 For a few days, the Webber considers keeping the stolen fur coat, as he takes it home with him. This is an example of the institution affecting is once very strong and clear conscience, this is the institution having a negative effect on him. Eventually, the guilt of possessing stolen property becomes too much for Webber, and he turns the coat into the head sergeant. Webber confesses that Sergeant O’Rourke was the one who took it and placed it in his locker. This results in more corruption which leads to Webber being dismissed from the police force. This is because the internal affairs investigator says Webber is lying and took the coat himself, when really the audience knows that he is dismissed because he turned on a fellow police officer. So in the end we see that being the â€Å"walking conscience† for society didn’t turn out so well for Webber. In conclusion, Shawshank Redemption and Scales of Justice; The Job, both communicate information and ideas about institutions and the individual experience. They both show the aspects of protest, enforcement and compliance within institutions and how the individual is affected through the institution, whether it is in a positive or negative way. How to cite Institutions, Essay examples

Financial Feasibility of the Business †Click to get a Free Solution

Question: Discuss about the Financial Feasibility of the Business. Answer: Introduction Mrs. Fanny who lives in Chicago has recently taken retirement and has received a sum of $475000 for 30 years of work with the pharmaceutical company. She has decided to start a new venture with the amount in hand. Mrs. Fanny wants to sell gourmet chocolates imported from France in the US markets. She will be purchasing the gourmet chocolates from Choc-O-LaySA an established company in France which is known for its fine chocolates with unusual and innovative flavors. Choc-O-LaySA will provide Mrs. Fanny exclusive rights to sell their products in USA. Mrs. Fanny will have to provide an upfront payment for the exclusive rights and the rights will be for 5 years. Her husband has decided to support her with her new business idea and has suggested to develop a financial plan for the feasibility of the business. Mrs. Fanny has conducted a market study in the USA to understand the demand of the gourmet chocolate and the price people will be willing to pay for the gourmet chocolate from France. The market survey by Mrs. Fanny revealed that the demand for the gourmet chocolate will be 750kg a month. But initially the demand will be only 75kg and gradually grow to its full potential and Mrs. Fanny will be able to sell 750kg a month by the end of the first year. The cost of the market study was $6500. Also it was found that the demand for the gourmet chocolate was price elastic i.e. the demand for the gourmet chocolate could be double if Mrs. Fanny reduced the price by 10%. Mrs. Fanny has decide to sell the gourmet chocolate directly to the customers via internet only and for this purpose has got in touch with a website developer who can make a website for her at $3500. She will require a refrigerator which will cost her $5250. The other expenses which Mrs. Fanny will have to incur are the packag ing and shipping cost of the gourmet chocolate to the customers which is at $2 per kg, credit card interest cost by the credit card company at 1% of the sales, rent of the office from where Mrs. Fanny will operate is $420 with a 3 month deposit to be paid and the cost of the employee who will help Mrs. Fanny with the business which will cost her $2650 per month. Apart from the internet sales, Mrs. Fanny will also be able to sell her gourmet chocolate t her friend Mrs. Mitch. Mrs. Mitch runs a small chain of delicatessens in Chicago. She is interested in Mrs. Fannys venture and has promised to purchase gourmet chocolate from her. However, she wants her to pack the gourmet chocolate in tin boxes with each tin box containing 550g of chocolates. She said if Mrs. Fanny could provide the same she will be purchasing 100 such boxes per month. The cost of purchasing such tin boxes is $1.75 per box and selling price would be $62. The assistant who can help Mrs. Fanny with processing such boxes will charge $750 per month. Mrs. Fanny will have to pay tax at 30% of the total profit generated every year. She can also request a loan of $50000 at 8% p.a. Mrs. Fanny wants to understand the financial implications of her business so that she can decide whether she should go ahead with this business or not. Breakeven Analysis Breakeven Analysis is a method to find the revenue a business must generate such that the total revenue is equal to the total cost of the business. i.e. at Breakeven point there is no profit and loss. It is given by Break even analysis = (Gallo, 2014) Cost of import of gourmet chocolates = 68.875 / kg = $76.45 [ 1 = $1.11] Transportation cost from France to USA = 18/ kg = $19.98 Shipping cost = $2/ kg Revenue = $120/ kg Credit Card cost = 1% of revenue = $12 Unit margin = 120 76.45 19.98 2 - 12 = $9.57 Refrigerator cost = $5250 Market study cost = $6500 Website design cost = $3500 Salary cost = $ 31800 Rent = $5040 Fixed costs = $5250 + 6500 +3500 + 40800 + 5040 = 61090 Thus breakeven point = 61090/ 9.57 = 5443.05 kg Thus Mrs. Fanny should sell more than 5443.05 kg of gourmet chocolate to earn profit. If the number of chocolates sold through internet is less than 5443kg then she will not be able to cover the fixed cost of $61090 she will incur. The net income of each month is given below. The company will be able to breakeven in 12 months. Month 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Net income -24312 -11456 -3644 -2566 -1420 -275 871 2017 3163 4308 5454 6600 87458 Cumulative -24312 -35768 -39412 -41979 -43399 -43674 -42803 -40786 -37623 -33315 -27861 -21261 66197 Profit and loss statement ITEMS ITEM BREAKUP FIRST YR. Operating Revenue Sale from Internet 627750.00 Other Revenue Sales to Mitch 74400.00 Total Revenue 702150.00 Cost of Goods sold chocolate imported from France 557013.80 Operating Expenses Salary Assistant and Employee 40800.00 Rent 5040.00 Market Study 6500.00 Credit card 1% of the revenue 7021.50 Shipping cost Due to sales on internet 10462.50 Depreciation Assuming Straight line for 5 years 1050.00 EBIT Revenue minus expenses 74262.00 Net Interest Expense No loan taken 0.00 PreTax Profit revenue minus operating and interest expenses 74262 Tax Expense 30%on earned income 22278.66 Net Profit after Tax total revenue minus tax expenses 51983.54 The Profit and loss statement is a financial statement which helps in summarizing the revenues, expenses and recording profit for a specific period (usually a year). This statement is useful for the investors and owners to understand the revenues generated by the company and if the business is able to generate profits for the shareholders. (Investopedia) The Profit and loss statement can be divided into Operating revenue, Other revenue, Operating expenses, EBIT and Profit. Operating revenue The Operating revenue of the company is the revenue generated by the company from daily sales. Thus it is the main source of income of the business. In this case, the sale of gourmet chocolate to the customers via internet is the primary source of revenue and hence the operating revenue. The company was able to sell 5231.25 kg via internet at $120 per kg and hence the operating revenue = $627750. Other revenue The Other revenue of the company is the revenue generated by the company from sources other than daily sales. Thus it is secondary source of income of the business. In this case, the sale of gourmet chocolate to Mrs. Keith was the secondary source of income of the business and hence the other revenue. The company was able to sell 1200 units to Mrs. Keith at $62 per box. Hence the other revenue = $74400. Thus the total revenue of the company = 627750 + 74400 = $702150. Operating expense: The Operating expense of the company is the expense incurred by the company to complete it sales. In this case, the Operating expenses include cost of import goods sold, rent of office, salary to the employees, credit card cost, market study cost, depreciation and shipping cost. Thus total operating expense = 557013.80 + 5040 + 40800 + 7021.50 + 6500 + 1050 + 10462.50 = 627887.80 Assuming the life of the refrigerator to be 5 year and applying straight line depreciation on the refrigerator we get depreciation = 5250/ 5 = 1050. EBIT: EBIT is earnings before interest and taxes. It is the earning of the company by reducing all the expenses from the revenue earned by the company to get the earnings of the company before it pays interest on loan (if any) and taxes . For the business EBIT is calculate by subtracting the operating expense from the operating revenue. Thus EBIT = 702150 557013.80 = $74262.20 Interest expense It is the amount of money to be paid by the business as interest over the loan taken by the company. This amount is deducted from the EBIT before tax is implemented on the earnings as no tax is implemented on the interest. Mrs. Fanny has not taken any loan for the business. Hence the interest expense = 0 Net Profit The Net Profit of the company is the amount of profit generated by the company by doing business after paying taxes and can be given to the investors in the form of dividend or reused in the business in form of retained earnings. Net Profit = Profit Before Tax taxes = 74262.20 22278.66 = $51983.54. Taxes = 30% of 74262.20 = 0.3* 74262.20 = 22278.66 Conclusion Thus from the Profit and loss statement of the given business it can be said that the business will be able to generate profit in the first year and it will be equal to $51983.54. The revenue generated from sales was 702150 and the operating expenses were 627887.80. The net profit generated by the business is quite high and Mrs. Fanny will be able to easily expand her business and pay royalty to Choc. The overall financial health of the company looks good from the Profit and loss statement. Thus Mrs. Fanny should go ahead with this venture as the business will be able to generate profits in a year. Balance Sheet The Balance Sheet of a company is the financial statement which summarizes the total assets, liabilities and equity of the company at a given point in time. The Balance Sheet has three important parts: Assets, Liabilities and Shareholders Equity For any Balance Sheet, Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders Equity. (Averkamp, 2015) The following is the balance sheet for Mrs. Fanny ITEMS ITEMS Breakup FIRST YR CA Cash Generated from sales 68597.45 CA Receivables credit sales to customers 96200.00 CA Rent Deposit three month deposit 1260.00 CA Inventories Chocolate and tin inventory 76703.26 Total Current Assets 242760.70 NCA Equipment Refrigerator 5250.00 Accumulated Depreciation Life = 5 years and straight line 1050.00 NCA Investments website 3500.00 Total NCA 7700.00 Total Assets CA+NCA 250460.71 CL - Account Payable suppliers, wages, yearly rent 159688.51 Total Curr. Liabilities 159688.51 Total NCL 0 Total Liabilities 159688.50 Equity 38788.66 Retained Earnings 519683.54 Total Equity 90772.20 The balance sheet can be broken into Assets which consist of Current Assets and Non Current Assets, Liabilities which consist of Current Liabilities and Non Current Liabilities and equity which has shareholders equity and retained earnings. CA or Currents Assets The Currents Assets includes all the cash and cash equivalent of the company which can be easily converted to cash. Eg Cash, securities, advance payment, accounts receivables, inventory, etc. In this case Current assets of the company = $242760.71. NCA or Non Currents Assets The Non Currents Assets of the company are assets which take longer to convert to cash (more than one year). Eg Equipment, Investment in Website etc. In this case Non Current assets of the company = $7700. Thus the total assets of the company = 242760.71 + 7700 = 250460.71. CL or Currents Liabilities The Currents Liabilities are all the liabilities the company needs to pay to its account holders in a short span of time (less than one year). Eg Salary, rent, accounts payable, etc. In this case Current Liabilities of the company = $159688.51. NCL or Non Currents Liabilities The Non Currents Liabilities of the company are liabilities which the company needs to pay back in a longer period of time (more than one year).. In this case Non Current assets of the company = $0. Thus the total liabilities of the company = 159688.51 + 0 = 159688.51. Shareholders Equity: The Shareholders Equity consists of two parts: equity and retained earnings. Equity is the amount invested by the owners in the company to run the business. Retained earnings is the amount generated by the business as profit and which is reinvested in the business to help the business grow rather than sharing it with the shareholders. In this case Equity = 38788.66 and retained earnings = 51983.54. Thus Shareholders Equity = 38788.66 + 51983.54 = 90772.20 Cash Flow Statement The cash Flow Statement of a company tells in detail about the cash transactions of the company and helps in determining the cash present with the firm at any given point in time. In a business, the cash is used for operating activities (day to day operations of the business), investing activities (investment in long term assets like plant, property, machinery, etc.) and financing activities (purchase of shares, securities etc.) Cash Flow statement Month 1 Operating Activities Total revenue 0.00 Cogs 7232.44 Net income -7232.44 Rent -420.00 Credit card 0.00 Salary -3400.00 Cash used in operating activities -11052.44 Investment Activities Refrigerator -5250.00 Website design -3500.00 Rent advance Deposit -1260.00 Prepaid tax -22278.66 Market Study -6500.00 Cash used in investing activities -38788.66 Financing activities Equity 38788.66 The operating activities of the 1st month are: Revenue, Cost of goods sold, rent, salary, credit card cost. In the 1st month, the amount of gourmet chocolate sold will be received in the next month by the credit card company. Thus Revenue = 0. The Cost of goods sold is the amount paid for the purchase of the gourmet chocolate and shipping them to USA. COGS = $7232.44 Rent for the month = $420 Salary to the employees = 2650 + 750 = $3400 Since No revenue received this month, the cost of credit card = 0 Thus total cash flow in the operating activities = - (7232.44 + 420 + 3400 + 0) = - 11052.44 The amount is spent hence the cash flow is negative. The investment activities in the first month are purchase of Refrigerator, website design, market study, rent advance deposit and prepaid tax. Cost of refrigerator = 5250 Website design = 3500 Market study = 6500 Rent advance = 1260 Prepaid tax = 22278.66 Thus total cash flow in the investing activities = - (5250 + 3500 + 6500 +1260 + 22278.66) = - $38788.66 The financing activities in the first month is the amount invested by the Mrs. Fanny which is = $38788.66. Conclusion: The net cash flow value in the 1st month is negative. i.e. the cash outflow is more than the cash inflows. The revenue for this month will be realized in the next month so the income is zero but the expenditure for the month takes place hence net operating cash flow is negative. In the investment activities the cash outflow takes place due to purchase of assets and hence net investing cash flow is negative. In the financing activities, the cash inflow takes place due to investment from the equity. Annual Cash Flow Statement Cash Flow statement Year 1 Operating Activities Total revenue 702150.00 Cogs -504455.98 Net income 197694.02 Rent -5040.00 Credit card -7021.50 Salary -40800.00 Shipping cost -10462.50 Cash used in operating activities 134370.02 Investment Activities Refrigerator -5250.00 Website design -3500.00 Deposit -1260.00 Prepaid tax -22278.66 Market Study -6500.00 Cash used in investing activities -38788.66 Financing activities Equity 38788.66 Net cash 51983.54 The annual cash flow statement tells about the cash that goes in and out of the business. It helps in understanding where the cash was used and which the sources of revenue were for the company. The investors are interested in cash flow statement as it helps in determining whether the business will help them make profits and helps in understanding the viability of the business. In this case the net cash from the operating, investing and the financing activities is positive i.e. by doing the business the company will be generating more cash. Conclusion: The net cash flow is positive i.e. the company is able to generate cash by doing the business. Thus Mrs. Fanny should invest in the business as the business is profitable at the end of the first year. Discounted Cash Flow Analysis The discounted cash flow method is used for the valuation of the project by taking time value of money into consideration. In Discounted Cash Flow Analysis, the cash flow all the future years of the project is estimated and the these cash flows are discounted to their present value using the discount rate. If the sum of the discounted cash flow is less than the initial investment by the company, the company should not go ahead with the project but if the sum of the discounted cash flow is more than the initial investment by the company then the company should take the project as it will be profitable for the company. (Stockopedia, 2012) PV = present value = FV/ (1+r)n Where r is the discount rate and n is the number of years before the cash flow occurs, FV = future value of the cash flow. In this case, assuming straight line depreciation of the refrigerator with salvage value = 0 and life = 5 year, depreciation is calculated. Depreciation = (5250 - 0)/ 5 = 1050 Thus the Income statement for the next 5 years, assuming Mrs. Fanny is able to sell 750kg of gourmet chocolate each month is given below. Income Statement 5 years Year 1 2 3 4 5 kg of chocolates sold 5231.25 9000.00 9000.00 9000.00 9000.00 Sales 627750.00 1080000.00 1080000.00 1080000.00 1080000.00 Revenue from sales to Mitch 74400.00 74400.00 74400.00 74400.00 74400.00 Total revenue 702150.00 1154400.00 1154400.00 1154400.00 1154400.00 Expenses Rent 5040.00 5040.00 5040.00 5040.00 5040.00 Import of chocolate 504455.98 867881.25 867881.25 867881.25 867881.25 Shipping cost 10462.50 18000.00 18000.00 18000.00 18000.00 Credit card 7021.50 11544.00 11544.00 11544.00 11544.00 Employee salary 40800.00 40800.00 40800.00 40800.00 40800.00 Cost due to sales to Mitch 52557.83 52557.83 52557.83 52557.83 52557.83 Market Study 6500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Depreciation 1050 1050 1050 1050 1050 Total Expenditure 627887.80 996873.08 996873.08 996873.08 996873.08 Profit before Tax 74262.20 157526.93 157526.93 157526.93 157526.93 Tax 22278.66 47258.08 47258.08 47258.08 47258.08 PAT 51983.54 110268.85 110268.85 110268.85 110268.85 The discount rate is given as 4%. Hence calculating the DCF for the 5 years we get Discount rate @4% 1 2 3 4 5 Discounted cash flow 37131.10 56259.62 40185.44 28703.89 20502.78 Initial investment = 38788.66 Thus the net value of the project = -38788.66 + 37131.10 + 56259.62 + 40185.44 + 28703.89 + 20502.78 = $166272.82 Conclusion: Thus the net value of the project has been calculated and was found to be 166272.82. Thus by taking up the project Mrs. Fanny will earn $166272.82. Also the royalty she needs to pay to Choc-O-LaySA should be less than 166272.82 if she wants to earn a profit from the business. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis helps in finding how the change in an input value will affect the other dependent variables while the other assumptions are kept constant. (Investopedia, 2015). In this case the decrease in selling price by 10% will increase the demand by 2 times. Thus the company will be able to sell 150kg in the 1st month and the year-end monthly demand will increase to 1500 kg. Thus the new monthly cash flow statement will Month 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 kg of chocolate sold 150 375 487.5 600 712.5 825 937.5 1050 1162.5 1275 1387.5 1500 Sales 16200 40500 52650 64800 76950 89100 101250 113400 125550 137700 149850 162000 Revenue from sales to Keith 6200 6200 6200 6200 6200 6200 6200 6200 6200 6200 6200 6200 Total revenue 22400 46700 58850 71000 83150 95300 107450 119600 131750 143900 156050 168200 Expenses Initial Investment 16510 Rent 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 Import of chocolate 14465 36162 47010 57859 68707 79556 90404 101253 112101 122950 133798 144647 Shipping cost 300 750 975 1200 1425 1650 1875 2100 2325 2550 2775 3000 Credit card 224 467 588.5 710 831.5 953 1074.5 1196 1317.5 1439 1560.5 1682 Employee salary 3400 3400 3400 3400 3400 3400 3400 3400 3400 3400 3400 3400 Cost due to sales to Mitch 4380 4380 4380 4380 4380 4380 4380 4380 4380 4380 4380 4380 Total Expenditure 31275 45336 56652 67847 79042 90237 101432 112627 123822 135017 146212 157407 9882 Tax Prepaid 16957 Cash Flow each month -48231 -45336 -34252 -21147 -20192 -19237 -18282 -17327 -16372 -15417 -14462 -13507 146168 Thus it can be seen that the company will be able to recover the initial investment in 12 months and the profits will be much more than the profits earned at the current selling price. Hence the company should reduce the price. Conclusion Thus from the financial analysis I think Mrs. Fanny should go ahead with the venture as the business can breakeven in a year and generate profits for her and think that she should reduce her price by 10% so that profits are increased. Recommendations The following recommendations which I think can help Mrs. Fanny to run the business in a better way 1. In my view, the company should hedge the currency so that the fluctuations in dollar euro conversion rate will not affect the business 2. I would suggest Mrs. Fanny to choose suitable method of depreciation of assets to reduce the tax burden on the company. 3. I would recommend Mrs. Fanny to buy rights from Choc-O-LaySA at a price less than to earn profits in the business. 4. I think the company can reduce the shipping cost and bring efficiency in the distribution process to save on the spending. 5. In my view, investment in advertisement can help to increase the demand for the gourmet chocolate and hence the profitability of the business be increased. References Gallo,A. (2014). A Quick Guide to Breakeven Analysis. Retrieved on August 5, 2016 from https://hbr.org/2014/07/a-quick-guide-to-breakeven-analysis Averkamp, H. (2015). Introduction to Balance Sheet. Retrieved on August 5, 2016 from https://www.accountingcoach.com/balance-sheet/explanation Investopedia. (n.d.). Income Statement. Retrieved on August 5, 2016 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/incomestatement.asp Investopedia. (2015). Sensitivity Analysis. Retrieved on August 5, 2016 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sensitivityanalysis.asp Stockopedia. (2012). What is a DCF Valuation? Retrieved on August 5, 2016 https://www.stockopedia.com/content/valuation-101-how-to-do-a-discounted-cashflow-analysis-63489/

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King Philip's War essays King Philips War: An Exercise In Failure In 1675, the Algonquian Indians rose up in fury against the Puritan Colonists, sparking a violent conflict that engulfed all of Southern New England. From this conflict ensued the most merciless and blood stricken war in American history, tearing flesh from the Puritan doctrine, revealing deep down the bright and incisive fact that anger and violence brings man to a Godless level when faced with the threat of pain and total destruction. In the summer of 1676, as the violence dispersed and a clearing between the hatred and torment was visible, thousands were dead.(Lepore xxi) Indian and English men, women, and children, along with many of the young villages of New England were no more; casualties of a conflict that was both devastating to the lives and the landscape of New England, as well as the ideologies of both the Indians and the English Puritans that inhabited this land.(Lepore 18) King Philips war was not the basic Indian war that plagues American history. It was not the first archetypal Settler vs. Savage conflict, and nor would it be the last. King Philips war was a terribly violent and destructive conflict, which was sparked by the desires of maintaining cultural identity and preserving power and authority, both in societal and religious capacities upon what one believed to be his land. (Leach 21) Saying that this conflict left all of 17th century New England in a state of confusion is far more than an understatement. With nothing won, and terrific loss, the early Americans, both English and Indian, were unsure of their own, as well as each others identity. This crisis, whether they are aware of it or not, has impacted Americans and their ideologies of themselves for hundreds of years. (Lepore 18) The Puritans came to this New World roughly forty to fifty years before this conflict began, but the guarantee of this conflict arrived in the same boats ...

Arizona statehood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arizona statehood - Essay Example Wanting to return to Spain, de Vaca turned him down, and Marcos turned to Estevanico for help, letting him go ahead of him. Francisco Vasquez led an invading army of Spaniards, looking for the mythical gold cities, the following year (AZ Big Media, 2011). However, Coronado made it only as far as Kansas before turning back, his only major discovery being the Grand Canyon. For the next 250 years, from 1540-1810, the Spaniards ruled Arizona, considering it a desert land that was worthless and left its natives alone (The Robinson Library, 2012). It was referred to as New Spain’s Pimeria Alta colony. However, silver and gold were soon discovered and they began expanding their influence by moving in that area. Arizona’s name comes from Spaniard owned silver mines. Father Kino who was an Italian priest came along with the Spaniards and was the most famous European at this time. Father Kino was instrumental in bringing new farming methods and education. As a fierce opponent of slavery, he was hugely popular among the natives of Arizona (The Robinson Library, 2012). During his mission to bring the Southern Arizona tribes to Christianity, he established twenty-four towns and missions including Tucson. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1810 and Arizona formed part of its territory. Some American mountain men did venture into Arizona, including Kit Carson who was the first American to travel the length of Arizona and back, but it was left alone for a while since its tribes were considered savages. America moved against Mexico in 1846 to seize land stretching from Texas down to the Pacific Ocean (e-RD, 2011). However, they had no way to get to California, which they had already established interest in before the beginning of the war. On the other hand, the Mormons had been evicted from Illinois, and they wanted to establish a colony in Utah. Therefore, they struck a deal with the US government as suppliers of labor to build a road from New Mexico to San Diego. They managed this but by using a longer route than was necessary, although this meant that they escaped the Apaches, who were known to be vicious and would have attacked them (e-RD, 2011). After, winning the Mexican war, the question turned to the drawing of the Southern border. The Northern States, which were the most dominant, wanted the line as north as possible since New Mexico and Southern Arizona was a slave friendly territory as it lay south of the line at Mason-Dixon (Facts About..., 2012). The border was thus drawn along the Gila River. Ambassador James Gadsden then travelled to Mexico with the view of making a purchase for some of Mexican territory. Mexico actually needed this money and offered the North of Mexico and Baja California. However, Congress authorized a bare minimum to regain the Mormon built road as they were afraid of adding more territory that ran slavery. According to Mexican law, native tribes had their land claims recognized but Americans only con sidered title deeds as land claims. The Apache wars lasted from 1848 to 1886 with the surrender of Geronimo after which the south of New Mexico was enjoined with the American Confederate States (Facts About..., 2012). Arizona has a unique political history. It was the first state to allow women voters, as well as the first to allow judges to be recalled. It was also the first state to let public petitions override the legislature and constitution of the state. Its recent reforms have included state

College Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

College Scholarship - Essay Example For accommodation, each of us was assigned a room with a roommate when we were registering to join the program. In my case, my roommate was Asha, who came from a Muslim background. In my life, I had never ever interacted with Muslims since I had been raised in a staunch Christian home. I would hear of people saying that other religions had different ways of doing things, but I had no first-hand experience with then anyway. My experience with Asha was great though I came to learn and understand some beliefs that I can call ‘weird’ to me somehow. On the first day, since she was the only friend whom I had interacted with, I spent most of my evening with her. The first thing, which amazed me, was that she had to wash her feet before praying. Additionally, she had to recite a number of verses from the Quran (Henningfeld, 2010). With my curiosity, I asked her why she had to do, and she responded by telling me that their religion required them to do so. Further, she told me that they were supposed to pray at specific time where they had different prayer versions for different times of the day. This was totally opposite from what I practiced in Christianity. In my religion, one can pray at any time regardless of whether they are clean or dirty. My curiosity never ended there; Asha had a distinctive way of dressing. According to their religion, a woman is supposed to cover her hair all the time. Sometimes it could be extremely hot, and I would her why she could not remove some clothes. However, one thing, which I really liked with the Muslim community during the exchange program, is that they were very united in different activities. They dined together as they shared their daily experiences with other students from different states in the country. They also have a specific time of praying, unlike the Christian community which never united as some were protestants while others where Roman Catholics.

Application Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Principles Environmental Sciences Essay

Application Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Principles Environmental Sciences Essay In most West African sub-region countries, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a fairly new idea and has therefore not been approached and adopted as a management practice. Thus, the management of the coastal zones is seen to be a diffused activity being undertaken by many institutions with interests and stakes in the coastal zone. Nigeria being a country with coastline of approximately 853km facing the Atlantic Ocean, its coastline lies between latitude 4Â ° 10 to 6Â ° 20N and longitude 2Â ° 45 to 8Â ° 35 E (Badejo and Nwilo n.d). The coastal area is low lying with heights of not more than 3.0m above sea level (Dublin-Green et al. 1999). According to (Ibe 1998), the Nigerian coast is composed of four distinct geomorphological units namely the Barrier-Lagoon complex; the Mud coast; the Arcuate Niger delta; and the Strand coast. Nigeria has one of the largest coastal zones in West Africa; with soaring socio-economic, cultural, physical, and environmental importance. Thus, its coastal zones have undergone sequence of advanced environmental development programs through the Federal Ministry of Environment and its environmental stakeholders in the quest of incorporating conservation and sustainable use of its rich cultural and environmental importance. However, environmental programs introduced are seen to have been unproductive owing to the fact that it was not properly approached due to politics of significant players in the Nigerian coastal zone management. Hence, for Nigeria to achieve the aims of incorporating conservation and sustainable development of its coastal zones, the administrative and stakeholders on environmental management needs to implement an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in order to achieve its this sustainable growth. 1.2. AIM OF RESEARCH To assess the need and feasibility of applying Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) principles in the management of Nigerian coastal waters with a case study on Lagos State coastline. 1.3. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH In the context of this research, the following objectives shall be considered: Literature review of ICZM and its principles; The key coastal issues facing Nigeria coastal zone; Assessing the current management of Lagos State coastline against the principles of ICZM; Evaluate barriers to the implementation of ICZM on Lagos State coastline; Evaluate the potential benefits of an ICZM approach. 1.4. BACKGROUND REPORT OUTLINE The Nigerian coastal zone sprawls a total of nine (9) states, out of the thirty-six (36) states of the federation, namely: Akwa-Ibom State, Bayelsa State, Cross River State, Delta State, Edo State, Lagos State, Ogun State, Ondo State and Rivers State. These coastal states are estimated to account for 25% of the national population. Nigerian coastal zones stretch inland for a distance of about 15km in Lagos in the West to about 150km in the Niger Delta and about 25km east of the Niger Delta (anon. n.d). FIG.1 MAP OF NIGERIA COASTAL AREAS Fig. 1 above is the map showing the Nigeria coastal areas (Nwilo and Badejo n.d.) Nigeria with about 853 km stretch of coastline has been characterized with differing erosive activities; a result of combination of natural and anthropogenic forces. Consequently, the importance of the Nigerian coastal and marine environment as the main socio-economic nerve centre of the country; where over 70% of the national income is generated, and there is need for an understanding of the physical changes taking place which would have profound socio-economic implications on the area and the entire nation (Okude and Ademiluyi 2006). The main key environmental management and development problems on the Nigeria coastal zones that needs addressing; in particular as degradation of the coastal environment in many of its coastlines decline in the quality of life of its local populations are stated below; Coastal and marine resource degradation; overexploitation of fisheries, coastal drifts-(erosion and flooding), clearing of mangrove forest, physical modification and destruction of habitats, Coastal and marine pollution; oil spillage, dumping of heavy metals, explosives, sewage and garbage, climate change and sea level rise For some years, coastal and marine resource degradation has been a major problem on the Nigerian coastal zones. (Okude and Ademiluyi 2006), evidences from studies and experiments have shown that the rate of shoreline retreat in some section of the Nigerian coast is so rapid as to be alarming. Generally, coastal erosion and accretion occur concurrently worldwide, even though erosion would appear to have a greater magnitude (Oyegun 1988). More so, (Okude and Ademiluyi 2006) the inadequacy of information about the Nigerian coastal areas would explain for the inadequacy in the management of the coastal erosion problems. In addition, lack of sustainable development policies with inadequate resources to implement coastal zone management by Ministry regulating Nigerian coastal environmental have contributed to the degradation. Apart from the natural environmental problems, such as flat topography of the region, high intensity and long duration of rainfall, high water table and low soil permeability, etc., man-made environmental problems are caused by unplanned and uncoordinated development; poor highway and watercourse design and construction, inadequate waste disposal infrastructure and lack of adequate and proper maintenance programme, and so on (Santos 1999). Being one of the largest oil and gas suppliers in West Africa, Nigerian economy is dependent on the oil and gas sector, thus, incurs a high risk of disastrous oil spills on the coastal zone owing to increasing oil tanker operations which are being carried out without utmost compliance with MARPOL 73/78, an IMO convention which regulates and prevents marine pollution. 2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW Coastal zone are unique. Such as daily tides, mangrove forests, coral reefs, tidal flats, sea beaches, storm waves, and barrier islands are found only on the coast (Clark 1996). Furthermore, due to the uniqueness of coastal zone in many coastal countries, the region has been recognised as a distinctive region which requires unique attention. Nevertheless, (Post and Lundin 1996), the increasing population on the coastal zone has caused conflicts between challenging uses in its resources and thereby calls for the need to ascertain long-term supply of these resources, on both land and the sea. However, the (European Commission 1999) asserts that coastal zones will continue to be areas of rich potential for our modern society as its productivity such as tidal inlets, salt marshes, and estuaries has an important role to play in food production- through maintenance of fisheries and aquaculture- and in safeguarding nature and biodiversity. In no doubt, (Clark 1996) the coastal zones is seen to have undergone adverse environmental adaption and weakening through developed human activities such as; dredging, fishing, sand filling, and pollution. According to (Sorenson and McCreary 1990), coastal zone is defined as the interface or transition zone, specifically that part of the land affected by its proximity to the sea and that part of the ocean affected by its proximity to the land. an area which processes depending on the interaction between land and sea are most intense. (Doody 2001), to the marine biologist; coastal zone includes the sea and all those areas which are periodically covered by the tide. While to the coastal ecologist, the zone extends landward to the limits of tidal movement or the influence of salt spray on soils and vegetation. Meanwhile, the quality of coastal waters is a major cause for concern. The two most spectacular phenomena in recent years, oil slicks and algal blooms, are illustrations of the fact that coastal communities frequently suffer the consequences of events or developments occurring inland or offshore and therefore beyond their control (CEC 2000). Therefore, it is imperative to conserve c oastal zones in order to accomplish a sustainable growth. There must be a demonstration of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) to achieve sustainable growth of coastal zones. According to (CEC 2000) from 1996 to 1999, the Directorates General for Environment, Fisheries and Regional Policy in Europe operated a Demonstration Programme on ICZM which is designed to: Provide concrete technical information about the factors and mechanisms, which either encourage or discourage sustainable management of coastal zones. Stimulate a broad debate and exchange of information among the various actors involved in the planning, management or use of European coastal zones. This debate was intended to lead to a consensus regarding the appropriate measures necessary at the European and other levels of competence in order to stimulate ICZM in Europe. The demonstration programme has yielded a wealth of technical information about ICZM mechanisms and solutions to specific problems faced in the coastal zone (EC 1999 p.5). Furthermore, the demonstration projects have confirmed that there are serious inconsistencies between sectoral and territorial policies, programmes and plans whose impacts are felt on the coast. This fact is responsible for the failing of an application of an integrated approach to coastal planning and management (EC 1999). 2.1. THE THEORY AND PRINCIPLE OF ICZM Due to inefficiency of varieties of environmental resource management and development control programs adopted, many countries are now embarking on special integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) which strategizes compatible development and resource conservation management that are for the good of the nation as a whole (Clark 1996). (Shi et al. 2001) ICZM represents a dynamic and continuous process which administers the use, development, and protection of the coastal zones and its resources towards common objectives of national and local authorities and the aspiration of different resource user group. (Bower and Turner 1996) states; ICZM consists of a set of tasks, typically carried out by several or many public and private entities. On the other hand, (Morksness et al. 2009) ICZM can be defined as a decision-making and management process with which to achieve the sustainable use, development and protection of coastal and marine areas as well as of their resources. Thus, ICZM stands for an enviro-economic regulatory system for numerous competing interests (Eremina and Stetsko). Nevertheless, from the lessons of the European Demonstration Programme on ICZM (European Commission 1999), there are several dimensions to the word integration in coastal management: The horizontal integration of policies, management arrangements and development plans amongst different sectors, services and agencies at a given level of government (national, provincial, district and more local) as well as amongst interest groups with common interests in coastal areas and resources; The vertical integration of policies, management arrangements and development plans from national through to local levels of government, including community based approaches to coastal management; Geographical or territorial integration: which takes into account the interrelationships and interdependencies (physical, chemical, biological, ecology) between the terrestrial, estuarine littoral and offshore components of the coastal zone; Integration over time: the consistent integration of sustainable development objectives policies, plans and management strategies in the course of time. The process of ICZM starts with the awareness of issues of common concern, which facilitates a dialogue and exchange of views among interested and affected parties, and this is the basis for coordination of action, which in time fosters integration of management (EC 1999 p.15). With reference to the (European Council, 2002) integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) shall be based on series of principles as stated below: A broad overall perspective (thematic and geographic) which will take into account the interdependence and disparity of natural systems and human activities with an impact on coastal areas; A long-term perspective which will take into account the precautionary principle and the needs of present and future generations; Adaptive management during a gradual process which will facilitate adjustment as problems and knowledge develop. This implies the need for a sound scientific basis concerning the evolution of the coastal zone; Considering local specificity and the great diversity of European coastal zones, which will make it possible to respond to their practical needs with specific solutions and flexible measures; Working with natural processes and respecting the carrying capacity of ecosystems, which will make human activities more environmentally friendly, socially responsible and economically sound in the long run; Involving all the parties concerned(economic and social partners, the organisations representing coastal zone residents, non-governmental organisations and the business sector) in the management process, for example by means of agreements and based on shared responsibility; Support and involvement of relevant administrative bodies at national, regional and local level between which appropriate links should be established or maintained with the aim of improved coordination of the various existing policies. Partnership with and between regional and local authorities should apply when appropriate; Using combination of instruments designed to facilitate coherence between sectoral policy objectives and coherence between planning and management. Clear evidence of research but needs greater emphasis on assessing the quality of the published literature. 3.0 METHODOLOGY As the aim of this research is an assessment of the application of ICZM principles in the management of Nigerian coastal waters, case study: Lagos State coastline. The following listed methodology shall be applied to achieve the aims and objectives of the research; Data Collection; researching data comes in a wide variety of shapes and forms (i.e. primary versus secondary data). (Lancaster 2005) on one hand, a primary data will often be collected through techniques such as experimentation, asking questions, interviewing (one-on-one/telephone), observation and surveys. On the other hand, a secondary data is information which already exists in some form or other but which was not primarily collected, at least initially for the purpose of the consultancy exercise at hand. In most cases, a secondary will be the start point of this research as it consists of both external and internal data sources which encompassing internal company information such as databases, reports, government surveys, competitor information and increasingly, internet and web-based sources of information (Lancaster 2005). Qualitative Research Strategy; this type of research strategy shall be used for this research due to the fact that it can investigate how and why particular events and actions happen and how people feel about such activities. With reference to (Bryman, 2004 p.19-20). A qualitative research emphasizes words rather than quantification in the collection and analysis of data. Therefore, gathering a qualitative data for this research is imperative as the aim of the research is the understanding of believe and experience. Evaluation Research Strategy; this type of strategy will be used to discover whether the programme of ICZM intend to bring certain changes to coastal management of Lagos State coastline. (Thomas 2004) such studies are closely tied to concerns with accountability and are used to discover whether programmes and expenditures intended to bring about certain changes or to reach specified policy objectives have in fact achieved their goals. Study Design; this would be achieved through the use and study of relevant textbooks, online journals and articles to gather secondary data. Using the internet (e-mail) for primary research; the attraction of using a web-based survey are that it can potentially reach an enormous number of respondents anywhere in the world, the costs and time involved in distribution and collection of questionnaires are minimized, and analysis of data that are already in electronic format is made easy (Walliman 2005). Action Research; this is intended to improve understanding of and prospects for change in organisations by involving organisational members in collaborative relationships with specialist researchers who jointly design and carry out research studies (Thomas 2004). Collection of relevant document papers primarily from organisations, institution and authorities facilitate research. Sampling Design; this shall be based on costs, quality, time, and feasibility of the research studies. Ethical Research; throughout this study research, a good ethical research culture shall be maintained and abide by. (Greenfield 1996) ethics in its widest sense, as the principles of good human behaviour, is one of the issues for which philosophers have striven to provide guidance. Methodology for each objective should be based on the Research Onion (see page 132 of Saunders et.al), working from the outside inwards. It is essential to include justification for the chosen approach/method 4.0. LIMITATIONS OF STUDY Likely limitations towards the quality of this research study are listed below; Duration of research study; the time allocated to conduct this research is too short to conduct an assessment of the management of Lagos State coastline against the principle of ICZM, Online restrictions; some significant organisations while trying to access recent and quality online journal and articles on ICZM, restricts access and request payment by debit/credit card. Poor information database; unavailability of quality information database through the Nigerian Ministry of environment will be a barrier to this research due to lack of quality IT infrastructure, Finance; costs of communication/travelling to Nigeria to conduct a feasibility study on the management of Lagos State coastline will be a barrier due to Access inability; securing permission to some agencies/organisations while trying to carry out the study research will be a barrier owing to protocols. 5.0. CONCLUSION Although, the implementation of the practice of ICZM in Nigeria coastal zone has long been discussed by stakeholders in the Nigerian Ministry of Environment and it has been seen to a very difficult task and proved abortive. In view of some problems faced on how to balance the economic growth and conservation of coastal environment for sustainable development on the Lagos State coastline, the author of this research shall study critically and extensively on the application of ICZM and its principles and after that compare against the Lagos State coastal zone management practices, and in the end propose to the States Minister for Environments some viable ways of applying effectively the implementation of ICZM principles in order to achieve an integrated Lagos State coastline management and Nigerian coastal zones at large. 5.1. SCHEDULED IMPLEMENTATION Tasks Duration Start date Finish date Project topic selection 5days 26.04.2010 30.04.2010 Developing aims, objectives, and hypothesis 1day 30.04.2010 30.04.2010 Literature review 3days 30.04.2010 04.05.2010 Designing methodology 7days 30.04.2010 06.05.2010 Planning research programme 6days 01.05.2010 06.05.2010 Submitting project proposal 1day 07.05.2010 07.05.2010 Familiarising with research database 21days 09.05.2010 29.05.2010 Receive proposal feedback 5days 31.05.2010 01.06.2010 Reviewing proposal feedback 7days 31.05.2010 06.06.2010 Collecting research data 20days 12.06.2010 31.07.2010 Evaluating research information 32days 01.07.2010 03.08.2010 Drawing project conclusion 8days 09.08.201 16.08.2010 Publish project findings 9days 09.08.2010 17.08.2010 Findings appraisal 6days 10.08.2010 15.08.2010 Complete Project 16days 15.08.2010 31.08.2010 Submit project research 5days 30.08.2010 03.09.2010 REFERENCE LISTS ANON., n.d DRAFT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: [online] Available: http://www.unep.org/AbidjanConvention/docs/THE%20STATUS%20OF%20THE%20NIGERIAN%20COASTAL%20ZONES%20version%202.pdf [accessed 05 May 2010] BADEJO, O.T., and NWILO, P.C., n.d. 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Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Chichester: Blackwell OKUDE, A.S., and ADEMILUYI, I.A., 2006. Coastal Erosion Phenomenon in Nigeria: Causes, Control and Implications. [online], 1(1) pp.44-51. Available: http://idosi.org/wasj/wasj1%281%29/10.pdf [accessed 05 May 2010] OYEGUN, C.U., 1988 Process-Form Relationships Along Forcados Beach in Southern Nigeria Department of Geography. Ibadan: University of Ibadan POST, J.C., and LUNDIN, C.G., 1996. Guidelines for Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Environmentally Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs Series No.9 [online] p.1 Available: http://www.nacoma.org.na/Downloading/WBGuidelines_ICZM.pdf [accessed 04 May 2010] SANTOS, P.O., 1999. Director of Drainage, Lagos State Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Environmental consequences of uncontrolled development in Lagos State. IOC-SOA International Workshop on Coastal Megacities, Hangzhou, China, 27-30 September 1999 SORENSEN, J.C., and McCREARY, 1990. Institutional Arrangements for Managing Coastal Resources and Environments, Washington, D.C.: Coastal Management Publication SHI, C., et al. 2001. Towards a sustainable coast: an integrated coastal zone management framework for Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China. Ocean Coastal Management [online] 44(5-6) pp.411-427. Available: Elsevier/ARTICLES [accessed 06 May 2010] THOMAS A.B., 2004. Research skills for Management Studies. London: Routledge WALLIMAN, N., 2005. Your Research Project. 2nd ed. London: Sage WELLENS-MENSAH, J., 2000. UNESCO. IOC Workshop Reports series No. 165. Pan-African Conference on Sustainable Integrated Coastal Management; Proceedings of the Workshops: An integrated approach, (PACSICOM), Maputo, Mozambique, 18-25 July 1998. [online] p.7. Available: http://ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/iocpub/iocpdf/w165e.pdf [accessed 04 May 2010]