Ethical and Legal Issues Essay

Nurses make legal and ethical decisions when caring for patients; decisions that need to be made carefully because the decisions could possibly change a patients’ life. There are theories to explain how to problem solve ethically and the theories are not based on emotion (Guido, 2006). This paper will discuss the relationship between legal and ethical issues and ethical theories, examples will be provided. Ethics can be described as principles and standards that are a guide to conduct used to elevate the standard of compliance (Judson & Harrison, 2010). Ethics is derived from the Greek word â€Å"ethos† ethics explains actions as right or wrong in respect to cultural principles and values. Moral values are personal beliefs that are intertwined with ethical actions and behaviors (Guido, 2006). Ethics, similar to values, are individualistic and they come from our experiences, culture and actions. While one’s values or moral ethics may be different, the nurse’s ability to conform to a patient’s ethical behavior is important (The VA leads change toward Integrated Ethics approach, 2008). The legal system was created to establish policies to protect the public (Judson & Harrison, 2010). The laws that are set can be changed when evidence suggests amendments are necessary. The relationship between law and ethics is apparent when discussing a patient’s healthcare decision that goes against the norms or beliefs of the healthcare provider. An example would be the patient exercising his or her right to refuse treatment for a disease process that will result in imminent death, such as a patient in renal failure refusing dialysis (Guido, 2008). Shannon (2008) discussed the differences of legal and ethical decisions as â€Å"morally ordinary† and â€Å"extraordinary† treatment related to the provision of assisted nutrition and hydration, particularly for patients in a â€Å"permanent vegetative state† (p.894). Metaethics is a nonnormative ethic that attempts to describe the implication between moral concepts or statements and the justification of why something is regarded good or ethically correct. Normative ethics understand standards of behavior and application of these behaviors in life. Normative ethicsbranch out into two broad categories called deontological and teleogical theories (Guido, 2006). Deontological theories focus on the intended action not the consequences of one’s actions (Guido, 2006). The theory focuses on the dignity and sense of duty of the individuals and finds the relationship between the person and the action. Deontological theories are divided into two subcategories; act deontology and rule deontology. Guido (2006) states that â€Å"act deontology is based on the personal moral values of the person making the ethical decision, whereas rule deontology is based on the belief that certain standards for ethical decisions transcend the individual’s moral values† (p. 4). Teleological theories are based on the simple concept, right actions have good consequences and bad actions have bad consequences. This theory suggests the act of right or wrong is directly related to the consequence of the action. Utilitarianism stems off of teleogical theories, explains that consequences count and acts are determined by the consequence. Some utilitarian’s believe that the moral rightness of a consequence is determined by the greatest number of good or the least harm and suffering (Guido, 2006). Considering the moral rightness is based on greatest number to benefit from the greatest good, actions based on the utilitarianism theory can often be unethical and illegal. Nurses in acute care settings are faced daily with ethical issues and concerns. Shannon (2008) examines the terms â€Å"morally ordinary† and â€Å"extraordinary† in respect to patients in a â€Å"permanent vegetative state† (p. 894). It is thought if we can keep the body alive we should, â€Å"capacity generated obligation† but there is a compromise in human dignity, making this both a legal and ethical dilemma (Shannon, 2008, p. 894). Euthanasia and end of life care often cause a lot of animosity, as they have been distorted by general public. Shannon (2008) states, â€Å"Discontinuing medical procedures that are burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary, or disproportionate to the expect outcome can be legitimate; it is the refusal  of over-zealous treatment† (p. 898). This statement defines euthanasia in its most accepted form withdrawal of treatment. This makes the act legal, but is it ethical to withdraw treatment that was started to sustain life, knowing that the result ends in death?Another example of an ethical issue in an acute care setting is preserving organs for donation in a patient who is pronounced dead following a cardiac event. Organ donation is a personal choice that can be expressed though written consent by the donor. Although, if there is no documentation of the patients wishes, family members have to make the decision in the event of unexpected death. Is it legal and ethical to maintain the body of a patient who has died in order to keep the organs viable while waiting for the family’s decision (Bonnie, Wright, & Dineen, 2008)?When a patient has been declared dead according to neurological criteria hospitals will maintain organ viability while awaiting family decision about donation. Procedures are started post-mortem by a transplant team to determine candidacy for donation. Medications are started and additional lines are inserted. All of which are done after the patient is declared dead. This is legal in many states, in fact there is a statute called the â€Å"immunity clause† to protect the health care workers from any liability, but is it ethical (Bonnie, Wright, & Dineen, 2008)? According to Bonnie, Wright, and Dineen (2008), â€Å"Organ preservation in cases of uncontrolled cardiac death violates no legally protected interest of the family members. It does not constitute â€Å"mutilation of the body† and falls comfortably within the general principle that hospitals have no duty to deliver corpses to families in their exact condition of death† (p.744). Consider this statement and place an ethical emphasis on your thought process. Healthcare workers are not legally bound to deliver the bodies of their loved ones in the exact condition of their death. In conclusion, through cultural norms, behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes the ethical behaviors of healthcare workers are analyzed. The governing bodies of healthcare such as the American Nurses Association and the American Medical Association mandate healthcare workers to uphold ethical values in his or her practice. The legal system maintains the right to investigate and examine decisions made by healthcare practitioners when decisions appear unethical or perhaps unlawful. The various ethical theories provide  direction for healthcare practitioners and ethics review boards with decision-making processes. References Bonnie, R., Wright, S. & Dineen, K. (2008). Legal authority to preserve organs in cases of uncontrolled cardiac death: preserving family choice. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from EbscoHost Database. Guido, G. W. (2006). Legal and ethical issues in nursing (4 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Judson, K. & Harrison, C. (2010). Law and ethics for medical careers (5th ed). New York,NY: McGraw-Hill. Shannon, T. (2008). Unbind him and let him go: Ethical issues in the determination of proportionate and disproportionate treatment. Theological Studies, 69, 894-917. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from MasterFILE Premier database. The VA leads change toward Integrated Ethics approach. (Cover story). (2008, December). Medical Ethics Advisor, Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database.

Trashed

Largest Landfill in the World Soon going to the will no longer be a vacation option unless you do not plan to swim. There will probably be a huge amount of plastic and trash in the water. This is due to the Pacific trash vortex. All of the plastic that has accumulated over the years had either eended up in a landfill or in the ocean. It is however, more likely that the trash has ended up in the ocean. Trash that people just toss in the water ends up in the ocean. Americans fail to realize that bodies of water connect to larger bodies of water which eventually leads to that onee fun special vacation spot.A trash vortex is a big lanfill of garbage and plastic that ends up in the water. It is also known as a garbage patch. Sometimes the vortex is hard to see because the materials sink down to the bottom of the ocean floor. There has been much more garbage placed in the ocean than most people realize. Until you actually research this understanding how much trash ends up in the ocean is n ot possible. â€Å"Because of its durability and our increased use in recent decades, scientists estimate that plastic makes up 60 to 80 percent of marine debris worldwide. ( â€Å"Trashing the Ocean. â€Å") This essay will further summarize what the pacific trash vortex is, describe the impacts the trash vortex has on the environment, talk about some of the biggest controvesies around this issue, and give my point of views on the issue. A trash vortex is a large area of garbage in the ocean. This area of garbage in the ocean takes up a large amount of space in the ocean. â€Å" It is roughly the size of Texas, containing approximately 3. 5 million tons of trash. â€Å" (â€Å"Trashing the Ocean†). This area is so very large that it can not be hidden.Sometimes the materials just float, but then there are several types of materials that sink into the water and are not very visible by humans. â€Å"The expedition easily spotted some types of plastic. But a larger problem may lurk below the surface. †(â€Å"Giant Ocean-Trash Vortex Documented-A First 5). Most of the trash that has been found in the ocean are things such as plastic bottles, plastic bags, old household materials, etc. There is more than just one trash vortex around the world. â€Å"The Pacific Vortex isn’t the only one.The Atlantic and Indian ocean, which have different current patterns, have plastic gyres of their own†(Walsh, Bryan 1). About ten percent of all the plastic produced in the world ends up in the ocean. â€Å" Perhaps ten percent of the two hundred and sixty million tons of plastic produced worldwide each year end up in the sea-much of it in the swirling currents of the North Pacific Gyre and other ocean vortices. ( â€Å"Giant Ocean- Trash Vortex Documented-A first 2) Plastic can not be broken down so if there is nothing done about it over a period of time the ocean will just accumulate more plastic. Most of our waste today is comprised of plastic. Plastic, which is made from petroleum, is a material that the Earth cannot digest. Every bit of plastic that has ever been created still exists. â€Å" (â€Å"Trashing the Ocean. â€Å") If there is more plastic accumulated there will be more animals in the ocean that die. No one knows exactly when trash started becoming a problem in the ocean or why it became a problem. The trash vortex has been known to kill several animals in the ocean. The trash gets into the ocean a few ways.One of the ways that the trash gets into the ocean is by people throwing trash on land and the rain washing it into things such as sewers. There are several different sizes of garbage that have been thrown in the ocean. â€Å"A single one litre drinks bottle could break down into enough small fragments to put one on every mile of beach in the entire world. These smaller particles are joined by the small pellets of plastic which are the form in which many new plastics are marketed and which can be lost at sea by the drum load or even a whole container load. (â€Å"The Trash Vortex†). Not all of the things that are thrown in the ocean are large. â€Å"While large pieces are common, the garbage patch is not an island of plastic, the team found on their 19-day expedition in August. Much of the debris is in the form of countless thumbnail-size scraps. †( â€Å"Giant Ocean- Trash Vortex Documented-A first†1) Sewers and rivers all lead to the ocean. All the garbage that ends up in the sewers eventually end up into the ocean. Another way that garbage ends up in the ocean is by us directly throwing things into the water.The trash vortex has a very unknown impact on the community. There is an unknown impact on the community because not many people know that all this trash exists in the ocean. Some of the people that know the trash vortex exist do what they can to help stop the issue. The trash vortex has a very negative impact on its environment. All the garbage in the ocean has killed several marine animals. Birds are dying because they are mistaking the trash in the ocean for food and an animal can not digest plastic materials. So this leads to the death of several marine animals such as birds and turtles.It has become such an issue to the point where there may not be many marine animals if there is more plastic put into the ocean â€Å"In the ocean, plastic waste accumulates in swirling seas of debris, where plastic to sea life ratios are 6:1; where birds and mammals are dying of starvation and dehydration with bellies full of plastics; where fish are ingesting toxins at such a rate that soon they will no longer be safe to eat. â€Å" (â€Å"Garbage Patch. â€Å") There has also been an issue with the plastic because of an essiential organic compound called zooplankton.They have been finding more trash in the ocean than zooplankton and that is not good because zooplankton is essential to the ecosystem. Zooplankton are little tiny organisms that are important because they feed the animals in the water. Algae is a type of zooplankton. The trash in the water has also been known to absorb organic pollutants which are there for a reason. When they are gone it will be hard to acquire more. People will not realize the full effects that this issue has until it becomes a very severe problem and leads to the death of many marine animals.It can also become a severe problem by effecting the way we have a great time at the beach or on a river trip. The trash vortex in the Pacific ocean is a big issue mainly because it is starting to be a lot more trash than is needed. Trash in the ocean can not be broken down and it does not decompose. â€Å"The very thing that makes plastic items useful to consumers, their durability and stability, also makes them a problem in marine environments. †(â€Å"The Trash Vortex†). That means that the animals that eat the trash will eventually die.That also means that the number of marine animals will decrease tremendously. That also means that the trash will begin to pile up worse than it is now. That can also affect our water supply because the water we drink on a daily has to come from somewhere. Our water has to be kept clean or it could become a problem to the environment around us and the ecosystem. I believe that this issue does not have to stay an issue. The trash vortex can be handled over a period of time if we all work together to take care of the water.If we clean up and recycle more the garbage patch will not be as big as it is now. The things we can do from our location are make sure that others recycle more and to make sure that we do not become apart of the issue by throwing things in bodies if water. There are a few organizations that try to help by going to some of these areas and cleaning up the land around them. It is not easy to clean up once the plastic has drifted to the bottom of the ocean floor. The issue has not become a huge problem yet, b ut people have not begun to look at the long terms affects to the environment.If the issue does not stop I feel that it will most certainly become a problem. It will have a negative effect on the marine animals. It is very possible that if the problem does not get any better that we could possibly be looking at some future endangered species. In conclusion, there are so many unknown things floating in the ocean you will be amazed at what people find floating in the ocean â€Å"shoes, toys, bags, pacifiers, wrappers, toothbrushes, and bottles too numerous to count are only part of what can be found in this accidental dump floating midway between Hawaii and San Francisco. (â€Å"Trashing the Ocean. †). The Pacific trash vortex is still an unknown mystery. There are still things that scientist can not figure out about this garbage patch they are actually still trying to figure out all the details. â€Å"Researchers are keen to learn how the massive influx of plastic pieces in recent decades affects area animals from larger creatures such as fish and birds- which swallow toxic plastic- to tiny organisms such as bacteria and plankton.This plastic may also be hosting invasive bacteria or other species researchers say†( â€Å"Giant Ocean-Trash Vortex Documented- A First 3). Trash vortex have been slowly killing birds and other types of animals. This is something that needs to be stopped as soon as possible if we want to help save our animals and our land. Everyone can help in the process whether it is realized or not. The land is something that should not be taken for granted. If we want future generations to have a land then it is our job to protect the land.Work Cited â€Å"Garbage Patch. † Think Beyond Plastic. â€Å"Giant Ocean- Trash Vortex Documented -A First. † National Geographic News. 28 Oct 2010 â€Å"Planet100: The Pacific Trash Vortex Explained. † Online Posting. Youtube, 7 June 2010. Silverman, Jacob. â€Å"Why is th e worlds biggest landfill in the Pacific Ocean? † How stuff works. â€Å"The trash vortex. † Greenpeace International. â€Å"Trashing the Ocean. † Ocean Portal. 2010 Walsh,Bryan. â€Å"Expedition Sets Sail to the Great Plastic Vortex. † Time Science. 01 Aug 2009 .

Public Health Initiatives For Preventing Heart Disease And...

Health Care Currently the support for public health initiatives to prevent heart disease and stroke are low, constituting to less than 3% of the total budget of state public health agencies. Despite considerable public health advances in previous years, failing to stop and reverse the menace has been very costly. The number of fatalities and health care expenses only continue to escalate day by day. Out of the ten essential public health services, I recommend three. First, inform, educate and empower people about health issues. People are not informed on the issue. The provision of information ensures stroke patients get to hospitals as fast as possible. Sharing experience and knowledge on heart disease and stroke prevention with all stakeholders goes to uprooting the menace at the root. The second is to investigate health problems and health hazards, and diagnose then within the community. Research has to be fostered policies and public health initiatives intended to prevent the menace, partic ularly, at the community level. Lastly is to ensure that there are qualified public and personal healthcare personnel. Heart disease patients require effective interventions and best practices when receiving treatment (America Statement). Fracking is the process of injecting high-pressure liquid into boreholes, subterranean rocks, to force open present fissures and extract oil or gas. The problem with the issue is that it may violate the Safe Drinking Act, the Clean Air Act, theShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of A Ischemic Attack1033 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION A transient ischemic attack or TIA is like a stroke for it produce similar symptoms, but this only last a few hours and don’t cause permanent damage over the patient. This event was often called a mini stroke, and transient ischemic attack could be a warning to all of us. 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The U.S. Preventative Services Task Forces’ Guide toRead MoreThis Essay Will Address the Role of Health Screening and Health Promotion in Regards to Diabetes Mellitus2410 Words   |  10 PagesDiabetes is a disease that ‘currently affects 346 million people worldwide’ (WHO 2011, Diabetes Program, p. 1). The National Health Priority Action Council (NHPAC) highlighted that ‘the direct health care expenditure on diabetes in 2000-01 was $812 million’(NHPAC 2006, p.7). This essay will address the role of health screening and health p romotion in regards to diabetes mellitus. It will discuss the topics of morbidity, mortality, and aetiology as well as strategies to reduce incidence and prevalence

Womens Fight Against Social Convention in Sylvia Plaths...

Womens Fight Against Social Convention in Sylvia Plaths Poem, Ariel Ariel is the title poem from Sylvia Plaths controversial collection of poetry written during the last few months of her life in 1963. The traditional gender roles of 1960s America promoted a double-standard and wrongly imposed upon women the idea of a Happy Housewife Heroine who cherished the receptivity and passivity implicit in (her) nature and was devoted to (her) own beauty and (her) ability to bear and nurture children (Friedan, 59). Plath comments on the devastating effects of social convention on individuality, but she realizes that both sexes are affected by societys oppression of its members. She contemplates this theme throughout Ariel,†¦show more content†¦Ariel by Sylvia Plath Stasis in darkness. Then the substanceless blue Pour of tor and distances. Gods lioness, How one we grow, Pivot of heels and knees!--The furrow Splits and passes, sister to The brown arc Of the neck I cannot catch, Nigger-eye Berries cast dark Hooks--- Black sweet blood mouthfuls, Shadows. Something else Hauls me through air--- Thighs, hair; Flakes from my heels. White Godiva, I unpeel--- Dead hands, dead stringencies. And now I Foam to wheat, a glitter of seas. The childs cry Melts in the wall. And I Am the arrow, The dew that flies Suicidal, at one with the drive Into the red Eye, the cauldron of morning. The struggle connoted by the title is first described as Stasis in darkness; it is characterized as hopeless and unchanging as a result of the stasis of womens stereotypical role in society at the time. Plath continues to point out that hope should not be given up, however, because there is a blue/ Pour of tor and distances that provides a glimpse of something better on the horizon of womens rights. In the second stanza we see the courage inherent in womens struggle for equality personified by Gods lioness. The neck I cannot catch represents the elusive goal of the womens rights movement, equality. The temptations to women in their traditional roles are bittersweet; Nigger-eye/ Berries cast dark/ Hooks---. Berries,

The Poor Patient A High Cost Medicine - 848 Words

People from the well-off family get the services from many private hospitals and clinics. The poor people have no alternative when they get sick. They usually rush to the government hospitals. The services rendered by the government hospitals are far away from the rural poor of Bangladesh. They cannot avail the services from the hospitals for the corruption of health sectors. Most of the medicine and other services goes at the hand of a specific group of people with the help of the doctors, nurses and staff, of the hospital. Even the poor patient cannot afford the beds in the hospitals for their corruption. Patients don’t get proper advice and service from the doctors. Doctors are more sincere in their private practice. They prescribe the poor patient a high cost medicine produced by a specific company and advice unnecessary test from selected pathology test centers. In any cases they provoke them to get admission In private hospitals or clinics by giving assurance proper care since they take compliments from them. It produces the annual excessive cost in family. From a report it is found that the families who take the services from the Government hospitals, they spend Taka 1250 core more than the usual cost in each year (tlB, 2002). Due to the shortages of hospital beds and other equipments, patients are discharged from the hospital earfier than their full recovery. Since they do not continue their treatment after1 discharge from the hospital, they again attack by theirShow MoreRelatedThe United States Health Care System1190 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand, benefiting to not only America, but other countries. However, along with all of the great achievements, there comes some consequences, social issues. The United States health care system comes with social issues that includes inequality, cost, and health insurance. 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American Journal of Industrial Medicine

Question: Describe the American Journal of Industrial Medicine. Answer: 1. What are the four most common physical, occupational hazards to the eye? Job-related eye injury occurs each day. In the United States each day, about 2000 workers suffer from eye injury related problems. The majority of these injuries result from projectile from small particles, objects striking the eye from a distance forcefully. Metal slivers, wood dust, wood slivers, wood chips that are ejected from the tools used for cutting or shaping wood. Accidents may happen when these particles are windblown, or they may fall from above. Sometimes objects like nails or staples, even shards of woods can penetrate the eye and result in a permanent loss of vision. Blunt trauma to the eye or eye socket too can cause irreversible Damage to the eye and face. Industrially used chemicals are very toxic and corrosive. Chemical burns from splashes of these chemicals can harm the eye, eyelids and other parts of the face. Cleaning products, polishing products are also harmful to the eye if it goes into the eye. Heat is also another factor in the wood industry that may cause harm to the eye. Thermal burns from welders, UV radiation burns damages the cornea, eye tissues, and surrounding areas. In addition to this other common eye injuries, causes include acquiring infectious diseases, and an infectious disease may occur from any pre-existing injury or ocular exposure. The disease may be transmitted through any tear or injury in the mucous membrane of the eye. Injury to the mucous membrane of the eye results in direct exposure of bacteria into the delicate interior of the eye. Infections like minor conjunctivitis, reddening, soreness can occur. In severe cases, diseases like HIV, avian influenza, and other diseases may occur (LEWIS, 2016). Thus, the main hazards include: Machine hazards Flying objects, projectiles Fire and explosion Electrical hazards 2. What are four common complications resulting from an industrial eye injury? Complication resulting from an eye injury can be divided into some segments: Results of eye injury from Wood Dust include eye irritation, dermatitis along the eye socket, allergic effects, mucosal and non-irritant allergies. Sometimes in an Immunocompromised person, Caner may also develop. An eye injury can result in dryness and obstruction of the optical ducts. Prolonged and frequent headaches can result from the eye injury. Injury to the eye can result in loss of vision, reduced vision, cornea damage, optical nerve damage. 3. Is there any particular danger from wood particles aside from eye injuries and what industrial hygiene measures are needed to protect employees from an eye and other types of injuries from wood particles? Wood particles like wood dust, wood chips, wood slivers can penetrate the eye causing loss of vision, allergies, inflammation, damage to the cornea, eyeball, optical nerve, eye socket and so on. The danger from the wood particles includes death if the wood particle penetrates into the eye and straight into the brain. The particle can cause bleeding in the brain, or it may stop blood supply in a part of the brain, it may also cause fluid pressure in the brain to increase. The pressure can cause the person to experience blackouts, hemorrhages and strokes in more severe cases; it can cause paralysis due to brain function hampering (LEWIS, 2016). Personal Protective Equipment are devices, garments, other safety gadgets worn by workers on the job to remain safe against injuries, or harmful effects of hazardous machinery or chemicals used in the industry (Arcury et al., 2015). Typically the protective gears that are used in woodworking industry are: Hard hats: They protect the head and face from broken pieces of wood and other projectiles from the machines. Safety glasses, goggles, shields that cover the face and eyes. Protective hard material gloves Aprons, vests that protect the body, groin, legs and so on Back protections, lower back support that protects the spinal cords Safety shoes that are slip-resistant and can protect the feet from corrosive chemical spillage or any accidental falls Protective earplugs, earmuffs that can protect the ears of workers from the loud noise of the Machines Overalls: overalls made from highly resistant polymers can help protect the workers from spillages of cleaning supplies, chemicals, polishing serum and so on. Masks: Gas Masks, Respirators can be used for preventing inhalation of fumes or smokes that can cause allergies and irritation of the lungs, nose and the respiratory tract. Eye protection specifically will require appropriate measures to guard against flying particle, paint splashes, and other chemical hazards. A good ANSI approved eye gear is required for eye protection. Criteria for a good eye gear are: they should be able to protect the person adequately. The eye gear should be comfortable to wear, the line of vision should not be restricted by the eye gear, they should not cause any limitations to the worker in the field because it increases the risk of accidents to occur. The eye gear should provide freedom of movement and vision. The protective gear should be durable. It should be easy to clean and disinfect. The gear should not heavy or interfere with the functioning of other protective gear the workers has to wear (Arcury et al., 2015) References Arcury, T. A., Summers, P., Rushing, J., Grzywacz, J. G., Mora, D. C., Quandt, S. A., ... Mills, T. H. (2015). Work safety climate, personal protection use, and injuries among Latino residential roofers.American journal of industrial medicine,58(1), 69-76. Dain, S. J. (2012). Materials for occupational eye protectors.Clinical and Experimental Optometry,95(2), 129-139. Fordyce, T. A., Leonhard, M. J., Watson, H. N., Mezei, G., Vergara, X. P., Krishen, L. (2016). An analysis of fatal and nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fatal injuries and injury severity factors among electric power industry workers.American Journal of Industrial Medicine. LEWIS, M. E. (2016). Head injury and protection.Ernsting's Aviation and Space Medicine 5E, 165 Okeigbemen, V. W., Omoti, A. E., Ovienria, W. (2012). Pattern of ocular injuries and use of protective eye devices among welders.Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research,11(1), 5-13. Ramakrishnan, T., Constantinou, M., Jhanji, V., Vajpayee, R. B. (2012). Corneal metallic foreign body injuries due to suboptimal ocular protection.Archives of environmental occupational health,67(1), 48-50.

The Winter Hill Gang Essay Example Essay Example

The Winter Hill Gang Essay Example Paper The Winter Hill Gang Essay Introduction For a long time, the streets of America had been controlled by organized crime syndicates. While some of these organized crime groups operate in depressed localities, others have legitimate business operations that they use to mask their criminal operations. The Boston-based Winter Hill Gang is one such group that has even connected with one of the most powerful government agencies to protect them from their operations.The Irish Gang WarThe Winter Hill Gang became influential in the 1960s. For the most part of its history, Boston had been controlled by two major organized crime groups: the Italian Mafia and the Irish gangs. Two such Irish gangs were the Winter Hill Gang, which was then led by James â€Å"Buddy† McLean; and the McLaughlin Brothers.It so happened that on Labor Day in the year 1961, while enjoying their outing at Salisbury Beach, a drunk George McLaughlin had initiated what turned out to be a war between the two gangs. When George was apparently rejected by a gir l who was with a Winter Hill man, it was rumored that he bit her breasts, from which her escort and other Winter Hill men beat George until he was unconscious and dumped him outside a local hospital. George’s brother and leader of the McLaughlin Gang, Bernie, demanded McLean a few days later that the men who had beaten their brother to be surrendered to them to be punished, which McLean rejected. The McLaughlin’s regarded this as an insult. Weeks later, McLean’s wife’s car was found wired with dynamite. McLean retaliated by gunning Bernie a month later. Soon, bodies were dropping in a series of attacks and counter-attacks from the gang members. The number of dead Irish-American gangsters has easily reached fifty, until the Italian Mafia got into the way.Irish gangs were under the subordination of the Italian Mafia, in that while Irish gangs maintained independence on their criminal operations, most of them are under the payroll of the more powerful Italia n Mafia, especially when the Mafia did not want to use their own men as hitmen. Irish gangs also had the tendency to stay out of the Mafia’s way as much as they can. At first, The Italian Mafia watched with amusement the war between the Winter Hill Gang and the McLaughlin Brothers. Soon enough, however, Italian Mafia operations were in jeopardy. The McLaughlin’s began to harass bookmakers to obtain funds to pay for their gunmen. These bookmakers were, however, under the protection of the Mafia. The killings had also urged the cops to pick up gangsters on sight, including Italians. Henry Tameleo, under the orders Raymond Patriarca who was then a leading member of the Angiulo Italian Mafia, organized in 1965 a peace conference between the Winter Hill Gang and the McLaughlin Brothers. McLean and his followers arrived at the conference unarmed but the McLaughlin, on the other hand, kept their guns inside paper bags. This prompted Tameleo to cancel the peace talks, and Patr iarca ordered that the McLaughlin’s be wiped out.Change of LeadershipThe Irish Gang War had resulted to the death of at least fifty gang members on both sides, including James McLean (Reppetto 249). He was succeeded by Howie Winter who brought stability back to the Winter Hill Gang. Winter became the second most powerful gangster in Massachusetts, next only to Gennaro Angiulo (Bloom 82). He established ties with the Italian Mafia from which he remitted $20,000 a week to Angiulo for a share of gambling and loan sharking money. His leadership, however, was short-lived. In 1979, he and other members of the Gang were convicted of fixing horse races. He was replaced by James â€Å"Whitey† Bulger and Stephen â€Å"The Rifleman† Flemmi, both were included in Winter’s indictment but was revoked after the FBI intervened with the case.Bulger grew up in South Boston where he committed petty thefts as a youngster. This soon turned into a full-scaled bank robbery from which he spent 9 years in various federal prisons including the Alcatraz. He was supposed to be serving a total of 20 years but was released 11 years earlier when he agreed to participate in LSD experiments designed to explore the possibilities of mind control with the use of the drug.FBI ProtectionBulger and Flemmi’s indictment did not pursue at the time when Winter was charged with fixing horse races because of the protection they enjoyed from having an arrangement with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. They became two of the top informants used by the FBI to pin down what the FBI perceived to be a more serious threat to national security. Bulger has also more to gain from working for the Feds: it allowed him to eliminate the competition.In 1975, FBI agent John Connolly approached Bulger and offered him a deal. Bulger was to become an informant against the Italian Mafia La Costa Nostra. Connolly would then protect the Winter Hill Gang against state and federal prosecuti on from their criminal operations, including murder.Connolly would provide Bulger information about wiretaps and pending investigations which allowed Bulger to prepare and protect himself. As a result, Bulger and Flemmi were able to control and dominate the criminal activities in New England States. The Boston Globe reported: â€Å"Jimmy Bulger and his partner in crime, Stevie Flemmi, ended up using the FBI to take down the New England Mafia so that they could have a monopoly in the crime business. He was sort of the way ahead of his time. He was the Bill Gates of the criminal world† (Bloom 83).The Boston Mafia ScandalThe deal between Connolly and Bulger, at first glance, worked both ways for them. Connolly needed information to bring down one of the most notorious Mafia, Bulger needed the protection of the FBI for their criminal operations. Stich explains that â€Å"Connolly would receive promotions and bonuses for having helped bring about the downfall of the Italian Mafia and Bulger would benefit by taking over their criminal activities† (â€Å"Those Ugly Americans† 229). Furthermore, having recruited Bulger to be an FBI informant earned Connolly a reputation from his peers. He had already received awards for his successes in having developed informants against the New England Mafia. While early FBI attempts to recruit Bulger proved to be unsuccessful, Connolly’s success in closing the deal with Bulger was â€Å"a real feather in his cap† (Bloom 85).A deeper look on the deal, however, reveals that Bulger has more to gain. While the information that was provided by Bulger was relatively minor, the information that Bulger was provided for was most definitely immense for their operations. It gained him immunity from prosecutions from any criminal operations and, as already specified, allowed him to control and dominate the criminal world, at least in New England. To ensure his continued protection, Bulger provided Connolly wi th financial benefits and Winter Hill mobsters continually send bribes to Connolly and his supervisor, John Morris (Stich, â€Å"Those Ugly Americans† 229).Aside from providing information about wiretaps and pending investigations to protect Bulger, Connolly also provided Bulger with information about FBI informants against the Winter Hill Gang (Stich, â€Å"Terrorism against America† 97). Stich explained that the information Connolly provide â€Å"permitted the Winter Hill gang to murder many government informants—with the full knowledge of the FBI agents and the Justice Department in Washington—including FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover† (â€Å"Terrorism against America† 97).The relationship will prove to be disastrous for the image of the government agency when the Winter Hill Gang’s association with the FBI was exposed by the media. Some claim that the FBI had for decades contrived with various criminal organizations (Stich, â€Å"Th ose Ugly Americans† 225). David Burnham had commented about the FBI, stating that: â€Å"The FBI’s improper, often illegal, political investigations had the blessing of the nation’s highest elected officials and were not the work of rogue agents or a rogue agency† (Stich, â€Å"Those Ugly Americans† 228).It is a fact that the FBI receives its directives from Washington, D.C. Boston based FBI followed a national policy to destroy the La Costa Nostra which they perceive to be â€Å"the most powerful organized crime group in the United States† (Bloom 84). This prompted Boston FBI agents to use the Winter Hill Gang to pursue and find evidence to prosecute the La Costa Nostra.What really is disturbing is that the FBI-Bulger relationship was more than just the provision of information in exchange of protection. It was a social relationship. Connolly, Morris, and other FBI agents frequently dined together, and even exchanged gifts throughout the rel ationship (Bloom 87).Having been exposed, however, Connolly and others were charged with, among others, protecting known murderers, providing them with confidential information, racketeering and obstruction of justice. The trial also exposed that the FBI Director, Hoover, and the Justice Department in Washington had known about the relationship between Connolly and the high ranking members of the Winter Hill Gang. It was also revealed that high federal officials have known the protection enjoyed by Bulger and his gang from various criminal offenses, including murder which had even led to the conviction of three innocent fall guys (Stich, â€Å"Those Ugly Americans† 230). In 2002, Connolly was finally convicted â€Å"of four counts of corruption† (Stich, â€Å"Those Ugly Americans† 231). He â€Å"was found guilty of racketeering, bribery and alerting New England mobsters to impending indictments† (Stich, â€Å"Those Ugly Americans† 231).Analyzing th e ScandalWhile it could be true that Connolly was the one who initiated the relationship between the FBI and the Winter Hill Gang, it is apparent that Bulger and his associates were the ones who benefited primarily from the deal. On the other hand, Bulger had no reason to be an FBI informant and make a deal with them. Aside from being the leader of a powerful gangster in New England, Bulger already had also powerful political connections. Bulger was regarded to be â€Å"the most powerful man within Southie† (Bloom 85). His younger brother, William Bulger, had at one time been the President of the State Senate and â€Å"was generally considered the second most powerful politician in the state† (Reppetto 252). Nevertheless, his connection with the FBI made him the top figure in New England, the undisputed â€Å"king of the hill.† His connection with the FBI allowed him to operate virtually without competition or opposition. Thus, while the FBI could have benefited from the information that Bulger and his gang gives, it is apparent that Bulger was using the FBI for his own purposes, not the other way around. Bulger even had at one time commented that â€Å"you can’t survive without friends in law enforcement† (Bloom 85).After the ScandalRevelations on the FBI’s association with top gang members had resulted to the Winter Hill Gang without a leader. Gang members are often undisciplined, which would ultimately contribute to its decline. As members began to rat on each other, it was possible to indict more members, hence, members began to pour either into prison or into the Witness Protection Program.Escaping ConvictionBulger and Flemmi would of course not escape indictment. Top members of the Winter Hill Gang, like John Martorano and Kevin Weeks, proved to be valuable in pinning down Bulger and Flemmi. Martorano, who confessed to be responsible for at least 20 killings, testified against Bulger and Flemmi in exchange for a reduced sentence. But even until the end, Connolly had protected Bulger from conviction by sending information before investigations could progress. It had also allowed Bulger and Flemmi to escape in some other country to avoid trial. Flemmi was apprehended in 1995 for a minor felony before their indictment. The FBI had listed Bulger among their Ten Most Wanted criminals. Up to date, Bulger remains a fugitive. The Winter Hill Gang Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!